"Ekonomipriset till William Nordhaus är en skamfläck"
Det sĂ€gs ofta att utdelningen av fredspriset till Henry Kissinger Ă€r den skamligaste episoden i Nobelprisets historia men frĂ„gan Ă€r om inte ekonomipriset till William Nordhaus Ă€r vĂ€rre. Nordhaus har nĂ€mligen under mĂ„nga Ă„r varit den mest framtrĂ€dande föresprĂ„karen för att hĂ„lla tillbaka med klimatĂ„tgĂ€rder, med argumentet att vi i framtiden Ă€r rikare och dĂ„ kommer att ha bĂ€ttre rĂ„d. I en vĂ€rld av Ă€ndliga resurser mĂ„ste man prioritera mellan dagens och framtidens behov, menar han. The Economist () liknade hans logik vid att det för oss att minska klimatpĂ„verkan idag för att gagna framtidens mĂ€nniskor vore motsvarigheten till att be fattiga bönder pĂ„ 1800-talet att frĂ„ngĂ„ sin kornvĂ€lling för att vi idag skulle ha fler datorer. Bakom den łóĂ€°ù slutsatsen (kan man verkligen skicka kornvĂ€lling till framtiden?) ligger en sammanblandning av monetĂ€ra och fysiska resurser, mellan resurser som Ă€r förnybara och Ă€ndliga. Om vi brĂ€nner olja idag finns det mindre av den kvar om hundra Ă„r, men om vi investerar hundra miljarder i förnybar el idag finns det varken fler eller fĂ€rre miljarder att investera i det om hundra Ă„r. OmstĂ€llningen till ett förnybart samhĂ€lle Ă€r framförallt en frĂ„ga om arbetstimmar, och de kan vi inte spara och skicka Ă„t vĂ„ra Ă€ttlingar. DĂ€remot kan vi spara vĂ„ra ekosystem. Nordhaus ser klimatĂ„tgĂ€rder som kostnader och inte som investeringar. Man hade lika gĂ€rna kunnat vĂ€nda pĂ„ hans argument och hĂ€vda att om man ska göra en investering i klimatĂ„tgĂ€rder Ă€r det bĂ€ttre att göra det sĂ„ tidigt sĂ„ möjligt sĂ„ att avkastningen blir större. Vill man hellre investera 1000 kronor i en indexfond idag eller om 20 Ă„r? Nordhaus argument blir Ă€nnu konstigare om man betĂ€nker att uppvĂ€rmningen knappast Ă€r en linjĂ€r process utan kantas av tröskeleffekter och Ă„terkopplingsmekanismer som plötsligt kan fĂ„ uppvĂ€rmningen att skena ivĂ€g exponentiellt. DĂ€rför borde man sĂ€tta in sĂ„ stora insatser som möjligt tidigt i processen innan den försvinner bortom kontroll. PĂ„ senare Ă„r har Nordhaus Ă€ndrat sin instĂ€llning och insett att det inte alls Ă€r smart att vĂ€nta utan att vi helst borde ha gjort nĂ„got Ă„t klimatförĂ€ndringen för lĂ€nge sedan. Tack för den geniala insikten. Det Ă€r intressant att den stora föresprĂ„karen för att âskynda lĂ„ngsamtâ fĂ„r pris samtidigt som IPCCs nya klimatrapport () anger att det nu krĂ€vs omedelbara och fundamentala förĂ€ndringar i hela samhĂ€llet för att vi ska ha nĂ„gon chans att undvika fullstĂ€ndig katastrof.
Max Jerneck, forskare om hÄllbara energisystem
LĂ€s en fördjupande kommentar av Max Jerneck łóĂ€°ù.
How Nordhaus and Romer can cool the global warming
The significance of Nordhaus and Romer winning the Nobel Prize in Economics 2018, on the day after the publication of the , adds a positive dimension towards meeting the global environmental challenges. This report calls for the impact of global warming to be limited to 1.5°C, whichrequires a strengthened global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty. Nordhausâ research on economic analysis of climate change propagates the use of carbon taxation to reduce emissions whereas Romerâs research shows how well-regulated markets can lead to technological development and sustainable economic growth.
Nordhaus has done extensive work on climate change models. His work on in ââ raises the critical issue of sustainability. Refining his earlier work, Nordhaus developed a general approach to estimating the costs of climate change (). He argues that climate change should be considered a âglobal public good,â but should not be regulated, through a command-and-control approach. Instead, the market forces should be employed by agreeing on a global price (by trade or taxes) for burning carbon that reflects its full cost (including externalities). Nordhaus has also written part of the that gave the US government the right to regulate as yet unmentioned pollutants in the future.
Romerâs work furthers our understanding of the long-term determinants of economic growth and the importance of technological change and innovations. He demonstrates how economic forces govern the willingness of firms to produce new ideas and innovations. His led to the development of the endogenous growth theory, that explains how ideas are different and require specific conditions to thrive in a market. Romer explains that the non-rival nature of ideas can boost ongoing and âendogenousâ economic growth. His research has generated further research into the regulations and policies that encourage new ideas and long-term prosperity. Romerâs work on economics of growth has led to the concept of , an economic region with external or foreign governance, so as to enforce the rule of law and stimulate economic growth. Romerargues that policy makers should stop trying to adjust the business cycle and instead focus on promoting new technology.
Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement and the IPCC special report â all point to the incremental environmental challenges. While Nordhaus and Romer suggest that market forces can resolve these challenges through carbon taxation and technological development, Nordhaus himself warns of problems. In a , Nordhaus cautions that it is âunlikelyâ that nations can achieve the 2°Ctarget outlined in the Paris Agreement and acknowledges that the âcarbon price needed to achieve current targets has risen over time as policies have been delayed.â
Written by Professor Ranjula Bali Swain, ranjula.bali@hhs.se
Visiting Professor at Misum, leading the research platform on Innovating Markets. She is also a Professor of Economics at Södertörn University, Stockholm